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Caudal luring is the use of tail movements employed by a predator to attract prey animals. It is a form of mimicry classified formally as aggressive mimicry,〔Vane-Wright RI. 1976. A unified classification of mimetic resemblances. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 8: 25-56.〕 but perhaps better described by the term feeding mimicry.〔Schuett GW, Clark DL, Kraus F. 1984. Feeding mimicry in the rattlesnake ''Sistrurus catenatus'', with comments on the evolution of the rattle. Animal Behaviour 32:625-626.〕 It is also an example of deception in animals. The behavior is employed by a number of snake species and allegedly by two lizards, though other interpretations (e.g., distraction)〔Mullin SJ. 1999. Caudal distraction by rat snakes (Colubridae, Elaphe): A novel behavior used when capturing mammalian prey. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 361-367. 〕 seem more plausible for the lizards. Caudal luring also occurs in a shark, the tasselled wobbegong, ''Eucrossorinus dasypogon'' and very likely in the pelican eels, ''Eurypharynx'', which possess a bioluminescent tail tip. The behavior is associated with sedentary predators whose diets include animals susceptible to a worm-like (or fish-like, in the case of ''Eucrossorinus'' and perhaps ''Eurypharynx'') luring appendage. Snakes generally lure small ectotherms (e.g., frogs and lizards), although luring of birds has been demonstrated (Spider-tailed horned viper) and luring of insectivorous mammals is suspected. Caudal luring occurs most often in juvenile snakes and is most prevalent in vipers and pitvipers,〔Heatwole H., Davison E. 1976. A review of caudal luring in snakes with notes on its occurrence in the Saharan sand viper, Cerastes vipera. Herpetologica 32:332-336.〕 but it also occurs in boas, pythons, tropidophiids, colubrids, and elapids of the genus Acanthophis.〔Carpenter CC, Murphy JB, Carpenter GC. 1978. Tail luring in the death adder, Acanthophis antarcticus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae). Journal of Herpetology, 12:574-577.〕〔Chiszar DD, Boyer D, Lee R, Murphy JB, Radcliffe CW. 1990. Caudal luring in the southern death adder, Acanthophis antarcticus. Journal of Herpetology 24:253- 260.〕 Caudal luring has been used as an experimental paradigm to investigate stimulus control and visual perception〔Reiserer, R. S. and G. W. Schuett (2008) Aggressive mimicry in neonates of the sidewinder rattlesnake, ''Crotalus cerastes'' (Serpentes: Viperidae): stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95:81-91(11).〕〔Reiserer, R. S. 2002. Stimulus control of caudal luring and other feeding responses: A program for research on visual perception in vipers, Pp. 361-383 in Schuett, G.W., M. Höggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (eds.), Biology of the Vipers, Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mtn., Utah.〕 in viperid snakes. It has been suggested that caudal luring was involved in the evolution of the rattlesnake rattle.〔 Attempts have been made to test this hypothesis,〔Sisk NR, Jackson JF. 1997. Tests of two hypotheses for the origin of the crotaline rattle. Copeia 1997:485-495.〕 however, the evidence is contentious. There have been dubious reports of caudal luring and concomitant speculations.〔Tiebout HM, III. 1997. Caudal luring by a temperate colubrid snake, Elaphe obsoleta, and its implications for the evolution of the rattle among rattlesnakes. Journal of Herpetology 31:290-292.〕 Prey luring in general is a field muddled by false identification. The difficulty is that there are a number of other behavioral interpretations for a wiggling appendage, and luring-like motions are associated with several other behavioral contexts (e.g., defense, stress, etc.). Caudal luring is thought to have evolved from a caudally localized intention movement〔 (a behavior derived from locomotor movements). Essentially, the act of remaining stationary while sensing prey produces general nervous system excitation that gets released in the form of tail movements. Caudal luring is not merely tail undulations, but must specifically be attractive to prey. Caudal distraction〔 is another behavior used by snakes, and the tail motions are very similar to caudal luring. The difference is in the snake's posture and especially in the nature and outcome of the behavior in reference to the encounter with prey. Other caudal luring-like movements occur as warning signals and are induced by stressful circumstances. Thus identifying caudal luring entails observing the effect that tail movements have on prey species, a burden of evidence that is woefully lacking in much of the literature on this intriguing behavior. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caudal luring」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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